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Tasks are not allowed to be queued more than once, but it is allowed to queue a Task while it's already running, which means a Task can be executed on two threads in parallel. Tasks detect this and handle it by queueing the Task on its own post-exec queue. That in turn leads to Workers which continually execute the same Task if that Task doesn't create any new Tasks, while other Tasks sit on the Master queue waiting for a Worker to dequeue them. For idle Tasks, we don't want the Task to be rescheduled immediately. We want the idle Task to execute again after every available Task on both the main and idle queues has been executed. Fix these by having each Task reschedule itself on the appropriate queue when it finishes executing. Priority queued Tasks should executed in priority order not just one Task's post-exec queue, but the entire local queue of the TaskConsumer. Fix this by moving the sort into either the TaskConsumer that receives a post-exec queue, if there is one, or into the Task that is created to insert the post-exec queue into a TaskConsumer when one becomes available in the future. Signed-off-by: Zygo Blaxell <bees@furryterror.org>
BEES
Best-Effort Extent-Same, a btrfs deduplication agent.
About bees
bees is a block-oriented userspace deduplication agent designed to scale up to large btrfs filesystems. It is an offline dedupe combined with an incremental data scan capability to minimize time data spends on disk from write to dedupe.
Strengths
- Space-efficient hash table - can use as little as 1 GB hash table per 10 TB unique data (0.1GB/TB)
- Daemon mode - incrementally dedupes new data as it appears
- Largest extents first - recover more free space during fixed maintenance windows
- Works with btrfs compression - dedupe any combination of compressed and uncompressed files
- Whole-filesystem dedupe - scans data only once, even with snapshots and reflinks
- Persistent hash table for rapid restart after shutdown
- Constant hash table size - no increased RAM usage if data set becomes larger
- Works on live data - no scheduled downtime required
- Automatic self-throttling - reduces system load
- btrfs support - recovers more free space from btrfs than naive dedupers
Weaknesses
- Whole-filesystem dedupe - has no include/exclude filters, does not accept file lists
- Requires root privilege (
CAP_SYS_ADMINplus the usual filesystem read/modify caps) - First run may increase metadata space usage if many snapshots exist
- Constant hash table size - no decreased RAM usage if data set becomes smaller
- btrfs only
Installation and Usage
Recommended Reading
- bees Gotchas
- btrfs kernel bugs - especially DATA CORRUPTION WARNING for old kernels
- bees vs. other btrfs features
- What to do when something goes wrong
More Information
Bug Reports and Contributions
Email bug reports and patches to Zygo Blaxell bees@furryterror.org.
You can also use Github:
https://github.com/Zygo/bees
Copyright & License
Copyright 2015-2025 Zygo Blaxell bees@furryterror.org.
GPL (version 3 or later).