diff --git a/include/crucible/fd.h b/include/crucible/fd.h
index d9062b2..8f40dde 100644
--- a/include/crucible/fd.h
+++ b/include/crucible/fd.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef CRUCIBLE_FD_H
 #define CRUCIBLE_FD_H
 
-#include "crucible/resource.h"
+#include "crucible/namedptr.h"
 
 #include <cstring>
 
@@ -34,28 +34,27 @@ namespace crucible {
 		IOHandle(IOHandle &&) = delete;
 		IOHandle& operator=(IOHandle &&) = delete;
 		IOHandle& operator=(const IOHandle &) = delete;
-	protected:
 		int	m_fd;
-		IOHandle& operator=(int that) { m_fd = that; return *this; }
 	public:
 		virtual ~IOHandle();
-		IOHandle(int fd);
-		IOHandle();
-
+		IOHandle(int fd = -1);
+		int get_fd() const;
 		void close();
-		int get_fd() const { return m_fd; }
-		int release_fd();
 	};
 
-        template <>
-        struct ResourceTraits<int, IOHandle> {
-                int get_key(const IOHandle &res) const { return res.get_fd(); }
-                shared_ptr<IOHandle> make_resource(int fd) const { return make_shared<IOHandle>(fd); }
-                bool is_null_key(const int &key) const { return key < 0; }
-                int get_null_key() const { return -1; }
-        };
-
-        typedef ResourceHandle<int, IOHandle> Fd;
+	class Fd {
+		static NamedPtr<IOHandle, int> s_named_ptr;
+		shared_ptr<IOHandle> m_handle;
+	public:
+		using resource_type = IOHandle;
+		Fd();
+		Fd(int fd);
+		Fd &operator=(int fd);
+		Fd &operator=(const shared_ptr<IOHandle> &);
+		operator int() const;
+		bool operator!() const;
+		shared_ptr<IOHandle> operator->() const;
+	};
 
 	void set_relative_path(string path);
 	string relative_path();
diff --git a/lib/fd.cc b/lib/fd.cc
index 4f78252..cbedda2 100644
--- a/lib/fd.cc
+++ b/lib/fd.cc
@@ -107,12 +107,6 @@ namespace crucible {
 		}
 	}
 
-	IOHandle::IOHandle() :
-		m_fd(-1)
-	{
-		CHATTER_TRACE("open fd " << m_fd << " in " << this);
-	}
-
 	IOHandle::IOHandle(int fd) :
 		m_fd(fd)
 	{
@@ -120,12 +114,52 @@ namespace crucible {
 	}
 
 	int
-	IOHandle::release_fd()
+	IOHandle::get_fd() const
 	{
-		CHATTER_TRACE("release fd " << m_fd << " in " << this);
-		int rv = m_fd;
-		m_fd = -1;
-		return rv;
+		return m_fd;
+	}
+
+	NamedPtr<IOHandle, int> Fd::s_named_ptr([](int fd) { return make_shared<IOHandle>(fd); });
+
+	Fd::Fd() :
+		m_handle(s_named_ptr(-1))
+	{
+	}
+
+	Fd::Fd(int fd) :
+		m_handle(s_named_ptr(fd < 0 ? -1 : fd))
+	{
+	}
+
+	Fd &
+	Fd::operator=(int const fd)
+	{
+		m_handle = s_named_ptr(fd < 0 ? -1 : fd);
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	Fd &
+	Fd::operator=(const shared_ptr<IOHandle> &handle)
+	{
+		m_handle = s_named_ptr.insert(handle, handle->get_fd());
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	Fd::operator int() const
+	{
+		return m_handle->get_fd();
+	}
+
+	bool
+	Fd::operator!() const
+	{
+		return m_handle->get_fd() < 0;
+	}
+
+	shared_ptr<IOHandle>
+	Fd::operator->() const
+	{
+		return m_handle;
 	}
 
 	// XXX: necessary?  useful?
diff --git a/test/fd.cc b/test/fd.cc
index de89a8d..7f61fa6 100644
--- a/test/fd.cc
+++ b/test/fd.cc
@@ -207,8 +207,8 @@ static void test_assign_int_close()
 		assert(j == -1);
 		// Bonus conversion operator tests
 		assert(fd == -1);
-		// Chasing a closed ref now triggers an exception
-		assert(catch_all([&]() { return fd->get_fd() == -1; }));
+		// Chasing a closed ref no longer triggers an exception
+		assert(fd->get_fd() == -1);
 	}
 	assert_is_closed(i, true);
 }
@@ -228,8 +228,8 @@ static void test_assign_int_close_2()
 		assert(j == -1);
 		// Bonus conversion operator tests
 		assert(fd == -1);
-		// Chasing a closed ref now triggers an exception
-		assert(catch_all([&]() { return fd->get_fd() == -1; }));
+		// Chasing a closed ref no longer triggers an exception
+		assert(fd->get_fd() == -1);
 	}
 	assert_is_closed(i, true);
 }
@@ -285,13 +285,23 @@ static void test_shared_close_method()
 
 struct DerivedFdResource : public Fd::resource_type {
 	string	m_name;
-	DerivedFdResource(string name) : m_name(name) {
-		Fd::resource_type::operator=(open(name.c_str(), O_RDONLY));
+	DerivedFdResource(string name) : Fd::resource_type(open(name.c_str(), O_RDONLY)), m_name(name) {
 		assert_is_closed(this->get_fd(), false);
 	}
 	const string &name() const { return m_name; }
 };
 
+template<class T>
+shared_ptr<T>
+cast(const Fd &fd)
+{
+	auto dp = dynamic_pointer_cast<T>(fd.operator->());
+	if (!dp) {
+		throw bad_cast();
+	}
+	return dp;
+}
+
 struct DerivedFd : public Fd {
 	using resource_type = DerivedFdResource;
 	DerivedFd(string name) {
@@ -299,7 +309,7 @@ struct DerivedFd : public Fd {
 		Fd::operator=(static_pointer_cast<Fd::resource_type>(ptr));
 	}
 	shared_ptr<DerivedFdResource> operator->() const {
-		shared_ptr<DerivedFdResource> rv = cast<DerivedFdResource>();
+		shared_ptr<DerivedFdResource> rv = cast<DerivedFdResource>(*this);
 		THROW_CHECK1(out_of_range, rv, rv);
 		return rv;
 	}
@@ -328,12 +338,12 @@ static void test_derived_cast()
 	Fd fd2(fd);
 	Fd fd3 = open("fd.cc", O_RDONLY);
 	assert(fd->name() == "fd.cc");
-	assert(fd.cast<Fd::resource_type>());
-	assert(fd.cast<DerivedFd::resource_type>());
-	assert(fd2.cast<Fd::resource_type>());
-	assert(fd2.cast<DerivedFd::resource_type>());
-	assert(fd3.cast<Fd::resource_type>());
-	assert(catch_all([&](){ assert(!fd3.cast<DerivedFd::resource_type>()); } ));
+	assert(cast<Fd::resource_type>(fd));
+	assert(cast<DerivedFd::resource_type>(fd));
+	assert(cast<Fd::resource_type>(fd2));
+	assert(cast<DerivedFd::resource_type>(fd2));
+	assert(cast<Fd::resource_type>(fd3));
+	assert(catch_all([&](){ assert(!cast<DerivedFd::resource_type>(fd3)); } ));
 }
 
 static void test_derived_map()